i figured it's not going to do any real damage, but it's hella loud, and i hate riding a loud bike, especially since i just prettied it all up.
yeah, i'm pretty sure it's the b screw. i actually examined the derailleur and knew that was what to adjust by looking at it, before i even knew what it was called. it is tightened as much as possible. a longer screw might work up to another 1/8 inch or so, but beyond that, it'll be rotated below the tangent line, if you know what i mean.
the biggest cog is a 28t. it's quieter, but happens in smaller cogs. i don't recall, offhand, exactly how far along it goes, but i can get back to you on that tomorrow.
to address the last two parts simultaneously: i noticed that a shorter chain increased the tension on the tensioner, which "lifted" the pulley off the cog. in the fall, i had a chain issue, and as a quick fix, i removed a link from an old stretched chain. that seemed to fix it. i don't recall exactly at what point i first noticed it, but it came on gradually. quietly, like what is that? then louder, then happening on more than just one cog.